Individual Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Individual Theories - Essay Example who commit crimes are aware of their actions’ legal consequences, or ought to have been aware, and this awareness forms the basis of understanding the reasons why some adolescents are still motivated to committing crimes while others are not. This is because there are a number of variables among adolescents, which are believed to influence involvement in crimes. One of the set of factors is social environment that includes an individual’s family, social systems, peer groups, and disruption of social factors. Psychological factors such as an adolescent’s â€Å"intellectual weakness, mental disease, characteristics of personality and emotional stability† as well as economic conditions around an adolescent have also been identified as factors towards adolescents’ crime (Sharma, 2004, p. 205). This, however, is a general and inaccurate perception because not all adolescents respond to their environmental conditions by engaging in crimes, some yield to a dverse conditions of these factors while others do not. As a result, adolescent’s motivation to crime primarily depends on an individual’s personality and not environmental factors. Some adolescents are therefore motivated to commit crimes because of their compromised personality traits while others, who may be facing similar environmental conditions, are not motivated to commit crime because of good personality traits (Sharma, 2004). High dependence on personality traits as an adolescent motivator to crime, as opposed to the teenagers’ environment is supported by individual theories such as psychodynamic theory and behavioral theory. Psychodynamic theory explains that motivation into crimes and other vices are facilitated by psychological instability among individuals that might have developed in the subjects’ early stages in life. Such instability may result from psychological disorders such as schizophrenia, leading to anxiety, fear, and abnormally abrupt reactions. An adolescent with a psychological

Vernacular Language Essay Example for Free

Vernacular Language Essay According to the dictionary, vernacular refers to the native language of a country. Throughout Rome, the language that was used was Latin; it was used throughout the Mediterranean and became the dominant language. Widely used by people with power, kings and queens. Latin was used as the formal language used in government and politics, this all changed during the 12th century when vernacular language started to become increasingly popular. During the Renaissance, Europe was undergoing a transformation. Cultural change occurs when there is a change in language or idea. During these times, people were interested in intellectual exploration. It was during this time that people felt that only highly educated people knew Latin. Bringing about a vernacular language was a way that they felt the need to educate the ordinary people. It was during this time that they began the transformation into the vernacular language. Up until the 17th century, most scholarly works were said to be in Latin. During the 12th century, many literary works were subject to translating. Most of the time the person translating would change things, they were not concerned with the ending, only how they have changed the various pieces into art. The development of the printing press and other technological advances was thought to be a method that sped up the process of spreading vernacular language. During this time, people who were economically disadvantaged could now read and own a bible. The use of vernaculars was thought of as a way to convert the non-believers. The spread of Christianity proved to be a method for spreading vernacular language. Petrarch was thought of as one of the most important figures of this time. He criticized the habits of the culture and believed their ideas were ancient soon others followed and this brought about the birth of humanism. Humanism was based on the belief that the philosophical works of Ancient Greece and Rome provided the best guide for living. Humanism was believed to be founded on three teachings humanistic studies, moral philosophy, and the qualities that make men and women good. Women played an important role in the spread of vernacular language, noble women insisted that literature was either written or translated to vernacular. Women began to assert their role as preservers of history. (Mccash, 2008) Most women had limited education so they were not proficient in Latin, this led to the acceptance of Romance and Germanic vernaculars. Women were given a chance to express themselves and participate in courtly debates. Women played a huge role in the transformation from clergy to court. (McCash, 2008) Women felt a sense of power by the rise of vernacular language; they began to write poetry, some even became translators. In the 13th century, Margery Kemp wrote the first autobiography in the English language. â€Å"Women turned to literature to express their pain and suffering, their longing and their loss, and their beliefs and vision† (McCash, 2008)

Human Cloning Should be Illegal :: Opposing Perspective Essays

Human Cloning Should be Illegal Can you imagine a world where everyone looked the same and had the same DNA? This could become true due to the advances in science in the field of cloning. We are coming into an age where scientists have started cloning non-human mammals as well as fish. Soon, they will want to start cloning humans. Since human cloning is so dangerous, unethical, and too expensive for reproductive purposes, it should be illegal. Human cloning is dangerous. It is estimated that between 95 and 98 percent of cloning experiments have failed (Genetics and Society). These downfalls to cloning are in the form of miscarriages and stillbirths (Genetics and Society). Cloned human beings also run the risk of having severe genetic abnormalities. Children cloned from adult DNA would, in a sense, already have â€Å"old† genes. These children’s main problem would be developing and growing old too quickly. This includes arthritis, appearance, and organ function. Since the chance of having a child with mental and physical problems is so much higher than that of a normally conceived child, cloning should be illegal. Human cloning is also unethical. Cloning, especially therapeutic cloning, requires the use of human embryos. Using these embryos would mean killing unborn children. Therapeutic cloning begins by removing the stem cells from an embryo (Human Cloning). The stem cells are used to grow bone, nerve, and muscle tissue. In the process of therapeutic cloning, an embryo, or a baby in the early stages of development, is taken and parts of it are grown to develop parts of the body including organs and limbs (Human Cloning). Removing these stem cells would kill the embryo. The embryo, which would result in a child if left in the mother’s womb, is separated into parts, which are used for science. Finally, human cloning for reproductive purposes is too expensive. The cost to clone one human could be more than $100,000 (Herper). That is extremely high considering the cost of in vitro fertilization. In vitro fertilization costs between $3,500 and $25,000 depending on the procedure (Advanced Fertility Services). If someone could not become pregnant it is much more likely that they would chose to use fertilization and be guaranteed a healthy, normal child rather than spend the money to clone a child that could have defects. With fertilization costing only one fourth of cloning, why would someone choose to clone?

American Immigration :: essays research papers

American Immigration Laws Bouncers at the Border ;Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!" These are the words inscribed at the base of the Statue of Liberty, which has become the American icon for those who wish to make the United Stated thier home. How true do these words hold relative to US immigration polocies? The US is a Nation of Immigrants. Since this its beginnings, immigration has played a vital part in this countries development. People from all parts of the world, from different ethinic, political, religious, and cultrual backgrounds populate this mass of land east of the Pacific and west of the Atlantic. This compilation of people is often described with metaphors such as "melting pot" or "cultural mosaic." It is this diversity that is practically synonimous with United States of America nearly since its infancy. It is also this diversity that has creatied such controversy. Natural human fear of what is different has caused more established groups of people to question the place in society of those groups of people that are relatively new. This is a general statement that sums up, for the most part, the specific issues that are seen as controversial. Throughout history these issues have been fairly public. The main controversy lies in the passing of a pleth era of laws throughout the existence of the US regulating immigration and in the handling of illegal immigration. Modern immigration polocies have recieved less and less publicity as tolerance becomes more widespread, although each person is entitled to their own opinion about the issue.

Piston Engine Performance Diagram Engineering Essay

The purpose of this chapter is to happen an aircraft with a constellation that best suits the type of operation of our client. The Piston engine has different flight features from a jet engine. To happen the most suited type of engine the public presentations of the different sort of engines have to be examined ( 3.1 ) . There are many Piston engine aircraft available ( including turbo- and supercharged aircraft ) . To separate the most suited Piston engine aircraft at that place will be looked at a broad choice of aircraft where the public presentations, fuel ingestion, scope, figure of riders and the planetary costs are compared. The undermentioned criterion demands are set: the aircraft must be able to wing over a certain tallness of conditions formations, the maximal height is hence distinct to be more than 15.000 pess. Because the aircraft must be suited as concern aircraft and must be able to make more than 15.000 pess, it is necessary to hold a pressurized cabin. Otherwise the concern squad have to set their O masks on which counteract comfort. A conditions radio detection and ranging must be installed to be able to avoid unsafe state of affairss every bit good as de-icing equipment to maximise safety and comfort. The velocity of the aircraft is besides of import because the squad does non desire to be off from place for long periods. The largest distance and therefore the longest flight clip is 482.2 NM, to be able to cover this distance in a lower limit of 3 hours the velocity of the aircraft must be about 160 karats. Finally the seating capacity of the aircraft must be plenty for the concern squad to go in comfort, the seating capacity must be at least 4 seats including the pilot & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s place. Now one individual engine and one multi engine Piston aircraft will be chosen ( 3.2 ) . The same comparing will be made to happen the most suited individual jet and multi jet aircraft ( 3.3 ) . Another type of jet aircraft is a turbo-prop, t he most suited individual turbo-prop and multi turbo-prop aircraft will be chosen ( 3.4 ) . At last in chapter 3 there will be concluded what the top six aircraft are and why this pick has been made ( 3.5 ) .3.1 Engine public presentationAircraft engines generates power to force air rearward ensuing a tenseness drawing the aircraft forwards which is called push. The Piston engine, jet engine and propjet engine prescribed in chapter 2 are all plausible power workss to be equipped on the client his aircraft. Engine public presentation of those three engines differ. Piston engines execute comparatively low power causation aircraft equipped with Piston engine winging slow and on low heights ( 3.1.1 ) . Aircraft intended to wing faster and higher are likely equipped with jet engines or turbo prop engines. Jet engines has a comparatively high compaction ratio which consequences in a more expeditiously fuel burn ( 3.1.2 ) . Jet engines faces more external influences which could impact engi ne public presentation, compared with Piston engines. Turboprop engines about don`t differ from jet engines, because turbo prop engines does be of an integrated jet engine. The lone factor which has a negative influence on engine public presentation is the propellor efficiency ( 3.1.3 )3.1.1 Performance Piston enginesA Piston engine generates shaft power by firing fuel in reciprocating Pistons, to drive a propellor mounted on the engine. The power produced by the engine itself is defined as shaft brake power ( Pbr ) . Pbr is non the entire power, which is available to impel the aircraft. A portion of the Pbr dissipates due inefficiencies or aerodynamic losingss of the propellor. The propellor efficiency ( & A ; deg ; A?A? & A ; deg ; ) multiplied with the Pbr consequences in the power available ( Pa ) . Pa is besides equal to the true airspeed ( TAS ) multiplied with the push ( T ) . Paragraph 2.1.1 at page $ $ $ explained that propellor efficiency varies with the TAS, and the prope llor pitch additions when TAS increases and frailty versa to keep the optimal propellor efficiency, if a variable velocity propellor is integrated. Power required ( Pr ) Is the power needed to keep TAS in an un-accelerated degree flight. Pr is equal with the TAS multiplied with the retarding force ( D ) . Figure 3.1 indicates a public presentation diagram of a Piston engine. 1 = Stall velocity 2 = Max endurance 3 = Max scope 4 = Max velocityFigure 3.1 Piston engine public presentation diagramThis public presentation diagram shows two lines, which circumscribe the Pa, and the Pr. Pa varies depending on trust scenes. This diagram shows the highest possible push scenes, be cognizant that the Pa line is able to traverse the Pr line at any numbered point aligned in the diagram. The aircraft accelerates if the Pa is more compared with the Pr, and height is maintained. The diagram shows four exceeding points with respect to an un-accelerated degree flight. The stall velocity ( 1 ) is the lowest possible Tantalum in a horizontal flight. The lift coefficient CL is maximal at point one. The maximal endurance ( 2 ) is the velocity, which requires the lowest needed push. Piston engine push scenes are straight relative with the fuel flow per clip unit. That means that per unit of fuel, the longest clip can be flown. The maximal scope ( 3 ) aligns the minimal ratio between Pr and TAS. Keeping the maximal scope velocit y means that per unit of fuel, the longest distance can be flown. It besides means that the CL/CD ratio is maximum. The maximal velocity ( 4 ) aligns the point where Pr is equal to Pa. There is no power available left to speed up, or ascent keeping the same TAS. The public presentation diagram demoing in figure 3.1 shows a general overview of Piston engine public presentation. The aligned operational velocities could change due to certain conditions. Conditionss that affect piston engine public presentation are: Aircraft weight Altitudead 1 aircraft weightAppendix 3.1.1 shows the same four exceeding points as in figure 3.1. Due to the influence of weight, the Pa remains the same because the engine public presentation is non depending on aircraft weight. As figure 3.2 shows, the stall velocity ( 1 ) additions when aircraft weight additions. Stall velocity additions with a factor. When aircraft weight doubles, the stall velocity additions by 41 % . The soap endurance ( 2 ) lessenings because the entire retarding force and fuel flow per unit clip increases as aircraft weight additions. Remarkable is that the soap endurance velocity additions while aircraft weight additions. The soap scope ( 3 ) lessenings while aircraft weight additions. Max scope is inversely relative with aircraft weight. The soap scope velocity additions as aircraft weight additions. The soap velocity ( 4 ) lessenings when aircraft weight additions.ad 2 heightAppendix 3.1.2 shows the influence of height on Piston engine public presentations . Piston engines public presentation depends on air denseness. Pa varies with height since air denseness decreases if height additions. There are besides four exceeding points in the diagram as in figure 3.1 and appendix 3.1.1. The stall velocity ( TAS ) ( 1 ) additions if altitude additions. The Indicated airspeed ( IAS ) remains the same because entire air force per unit area, which is measured and expressed in IAS, remains the same. The soap endurance ( 2 ) lessenings because Pr additions due to a lessening in air denseness. The soap scope ( 3 ) does non depend on height. The soap scope velocity additions if altitude additions. This means that fuel ingestion per maritime stat mi remains the same while the TAS additions. So a distance can be flown faster without salvaging fuel. The soap velocity ( TAS ) ( 4 ) additions if altitude additions.3.1.2 Performance Jet Engine Aircraftsdfsdfsdfsdfsdfdsfsf11243The available push of jet engines is in direct proportion to the fuel flow of th e engine ; by increasing the fuel flow the engine generates more thrust. By uniting the retarding force and lift of an aircraft as a map of the air velocity, a public presentation diagram can be made for jet engines ( figure 3.X ) . This diagram shows of import velocities, which are straight related to the lift and retarding force of the aircraft. The first of import velocity in the diagram is the 1g-stall velocity ( 1 ) . This is the minimal horizontal velocity of the aircraft, besides called the 1g-stall velocity. At this velocity the aircraft is winging with an angle of onslaught, which has the greatest lift coefficient ( CL-max ) . The 2nd of import velocity is the maximal endurance velocity ( 2 ) . This is the velocity at which the aircraft has the lowest retarding force. The lowest retarding force consequences in the lowest fuel flow so that the aircraft can digest the longest clip with this velocity ; hence the maximal endurance velocity. Not merely is the maximal endurance v elocity of import to cognize, but besides the maximal scope velocity of the aircraft ( 3 ) . At this velocity the relation between velocity and retarding force is at its lower limit, which makes the fuel flow per winging distance minimal. This consequences in the velocity at which the aircraft can wing the furthest. Finally the maximal horizontal velocity of the aircraft is besides shown on the diagram ( 4 ) . This is the velocity at which the upper limit available push is equal to the retarding force of the aircraft. Figure 3.X Performance diagram jet engine 1 = 1g-stall velocity 2 = soap. endurance velocity 3 = soap. scope velocity 4 = soap. horizontal velocity All these different operating velocities vary due to certain conditions. The conditions that affect the public presentation of an aircraft with jet engines are: The height The ambient temperature The air velocity The weight of the aircraftad 1 The heightAs we know, the ambient air force per unit area decreases as the height additions. With a diminishing air force per unit area the denseness besides decreases which consequences in less mass air flow into the engine and therefore less thrust. The retarding force of the aircraft is, nevertheless, independent of the height. With an increasing height, the retarding force remains the same while the true air velocity ( TAS ) increases because of a diminishing air denseness. This has every bit consequence that the stall velocity additions in TAS. The endurance of jet engines is changeless with the height and the maximal scope additions with an increasing height ( appendix 3.1 ) .ad 2 The ambient temperatureJet engines are limited by the RPM and the turbine gas temperature ( TGT ) of the engine. When the ambient temperature is high, the engine will make its maximal TGT Oklahoman than when the ambient temperature is lower. When the ambient temperature is comparatively low, the engine can run at higher Revolutions per minute before the TGT is reached, ensuing in more thrust. At high ambient temperatures the push of the engine varies with the temperature, but at comparatively low temperatures ( below ISA+15 ) the generated push is changeless with the RPM. At these temperatures the engine is called level rated.ad 3 The air velocityAs the airspeed additions, the produced push of the jet engine will cut down due to an addition of the recess impulse retarding force. Air come ining the recess of the engine is slowed down and loses impulse due to compaction, before it is accelerated once more. This loss of impulse is called recess impulse retarding force and consequences in a decreasing push with an increasing air velocity. The addition of air velocity, nevertheless, besides consequences in more air mass per unit volume through the engine, which leads to an addition of push. These opposing effects consequence in an overall push, which va ries depending on the engine & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s design ( appendix 3.2 ) .ad 4 The weight of the aircraftThe weight of the aircraft besides has a important influence on the public presentation of an aircraft with jet engines. It does non impact the public presentation of the engine itself, but the whole aircraft. More weight of an aircraft consequences in more retarding force. To get the better of this retarding force and to maintain winging horizontal, the aircraft should increase its angle of onslaught or increase its air velocity. The public presentation diagram shows that an increasing weight of an aircraft has a negative consequence on the public presentation of the aircraft ( appendix 3.3 ) . The stall velocity additions with an increasing weight and the endurance and maximal scope will both lessening with an increasing aircraft weight.3.1.3 Performance Turbo-prop EngineThe public presentation of a turbo-prop aircraft is about similar to the jet aircraft. The turbo-pro p engine is driven by a jet engine. In a turbo-jet engine the speed and force per unit area of the exhaust gases create the push but in the turbo-prop engine merely a little sum of the push comes from the fumes gases. This is due to the fact that most of the energy has been absorbed by the turbine for driving the propellor. When ciphering turbo-prop public presentations the public presentation of a jet engine can be taken, merely thing where must be thought of is the propellor efficiency.3.2 Most suited Piston aircraftFrom all the little Piston aircraft ( including turbo- and supercharged aircraft ) , there will be looked at the public presentation, fuel ingestion, scope, figure of riders, and the planetary costs to find the best scorch engine and the best multi engine Piston aircraft. Global costs are several variable costs such as fuel ingestion, set downing fees and an estimation of care. First a comparing will be made of single-engine Piston aircraft ( 3.2.1 ) and thenceforth a comparing of multi-engine Piston aircraft ( 3.2.2 ) . A concluding recommendation will demo the most suited aircraft of its type for the intents set in this chapter.3.2.1 Single engineIn this paragraph the most suited aircraft with a individual Piston engine is determent. A pre-selection is made with initial demands. Those demands are range, take-off distance, and monetary value. The following tabular array ( table & A ; acirc ; ˆÂ ¦.aircraft comparing ) show which aircraft meets the demands set earlier.& A ; Acirc ;Range ( nanometer )Takeoff Distance ( foot ) MTOWLanding Distance ( foot ) MLWsoap sail elevation ( foot )Cruising velocity ( karat )monetary value ( dollar )Cessna P210N Turbo centurion II90060050027.000193438.000Cessna Skyhawk SP6401.6301.33514.000124307.500Cessna Turno Skylane9711.3851.35020.000165398.100Cessna Turbo Stationair7031740139527.000164557.500Cessna Corvalis TTx1.2501.9002.64025.000235733.950Beechcraft Bonanza G369081.9131.45018.500176691.390Piper Matr ix1.3431.0871.02825.000213757.000Piper Arrow8801.00062016.200137323.850Piper Archer LX5221.13592014.100128319.200Cirrus SR20785147885317.500155276.690Cirrus SR221.1701594114117.500185380.000Cirrus SR22T9478221.14125.000214475.000Average9181357119820567174471515Table & A ; acirc ; ˆÂ ¦.aircraft comparing With the current demands the aircraft are able to acquire to their finishs and land safely within the budget. With the extra demands determent before in this chapter the most suited aircraft is explained. After those extra demands the Cessna P210N Turbo centurion II is left as the most suited aircraft. The Cessna P210N has a pressurized cabin, a maximal sail height of 27.000 foot, a conditions radio detection and ranging option and de-icing equipment. The Cessna is capable of easing siting for five riders and has a high plenty cruising velocity of 193 karats. In Annex & A ; acirc ; ˆÂ ¦ . ( Annual sum-up ) a comparing is made of the selected aircraft and the costs over 10 old ages. In this comparing the Cessna P210N is one of the more expansive aircraft but the lone aircraft that fits the demands needed for this type of concern trips. The initial costs of the Cessna P210N are approximative 343.600 euro and the variable costs with 300 flight hours yearly are 75.794 euro. Variable costs include fuel, airframe care, labour and parts, engine Restoration and assorted costs. In ten old ages the sum costs will be about 1.101.607 euro.3.2.2 Multi engine Piston aircraftMulti engine Piston aircraft have better belongingss than individual engine Piston aircraft. There are many legislated multi engine Piston aircraft normally used in the European general air power. However, some of these aircraft do non run into the managers demands stated in paragraph 3.2.1. The staying aircraft besides needed to hold a pressurisation system and de/anti ice equ ipment ( table 3.x )& A ; Acirc ;Range ( nanometer )Takeoff Distance ( foot ) MTOWLanding Distance ( foot ) MLWsoap sail elevation ( foot )Cruising velocity ( karat )monetary value ( dollar )Beechcraft 58P Baron13562200200020000200325.000Beechcraft G58 Baron12002500230020688192829.000Beechcraft 60 Duke10202200200030000214193.000Beechcraft B60 Duke11202200200030000214250.000Cessna 340A14052400220029800170299.000Cessna 41111302700250026000202135.000Cessna 414A13272600240030800183189.000Cessna 421A1488240022002700019775.000Cessna 421C17122400220030200205249.000Piper PA31 Navajo11602200200029000165169.000Average12922380218027348194271.300Table 3.x Aircraft comparing These aircraft are besides compared on estimated variable costs ( appendix†¦ .Multi engine Piston aircraft ) . The most expensive aircraft to buy, turns out to be the cheapest aircraft in a period of 10 old ages ; the Beechcraft G58 Baron. This aircraft will hold an estimated variable cost of 278 euro per flight hr. When runing 300 flight hours annually, the estimated sum costs of the Beechcraft G58 Baron are 1.479.660 euro in a period of 10 old ages.3.3 Jet aircraftThe most suited single- and multi-piston engine aircraft are found. The following aircraft type looked at is the jet engine. The jet engine has an recess, which sucks in the air ; the air is so quickly compressed and fuelled to light. After ignition the air has a enormous increased velocity, which propels the aircraft. There is a figure of jet aircraft presently used. Some of the aircraft have merely one engine others could hold six. In the hunt of our aircraft we look at the individual engine jets and the jet aircra ft, which have two engines. The jet aircraft with one jet is called a Single Jet engine aircraft ( 3.3.1 ) . The aircraft with two or more engines is called a multi-engine Jet aircraft ( 3.3.2 ) . For either type of aircraft the best aircraft is chosen in order to happen the best aircraft for our CEO.3.3.1 Single engineA individual engine jet aircraft is exceeding in its sort. The aircraft uses one jet engine, which propels the aircraft. This sort of aircraft is more luxury than their similar sized propellor aircraft. For illustration the aircraft has the option to hold a lavatory inside the aircraft. The downside of this sort of aircraft is that the initial cost of the aircraft is much higher than the propellor driven aircraft. The initial monetary value& A ; Acirc ;Range ( nanometer )Takeoff Distance ( foot ) MTOWLanding Distance ( foot ) MLWsoap sail elevation ( foot )Cruising velocity ( karat )monetary value ( dollar )Diamond D-Jet13502500190025.0002401.380.000Excel-Jet SportJet 10001800180025.000& A ; Acirc ;1.000.000Piper Jet Altaire13002.3002.00035.0003202.199.000Eclipse 40012502.0452.10041.000& A ; Acirc ;1.350.000Cirrus Vision SF5012001.6001.24528.0002101.000.000of these sorts of aircraft is about one million dollars and the monetary value per flight hr varies from 500 dollars to 700 dollars. Table 3.X shows the monetary values and specifications of five different individual jet aircraft. Three of the five aircraft are more expensive seen the initial monetary value and monetary value per hr. The monetary values of the Diamond D-Jet and the Piper Jet Altaire are significantly higher than the other three ; this will except both of them. The Excel-Jet Sportjet is still a truly futuristic aircraft, the aircraft is meant to be a make it yourself aircraft so this will except the aircraft. The initial monetary value and monetary value per 3000 hours is comparable to the last two, but there is no known information about De-icing. Three of the five aircraft are now excluded from our picks, this will ensue in the determination between the Eclipse 400 and the Cirrus Vision SF50. Both aircraft have alone expressions ; they both have a V-tail and one jet engine located between the V-tail. Both aircraft have luxury seats and the cockpit is futuristic for the pilot. The specifications are all tantrum for the undertaking it has to follow with. The scopes of the aircraft are adequate to wing to every location and back without the demand of refuelling the aircraft. Both aircraft can wing the needed velocity to keep a maximal flight clip of two hours to any of the locations. Besides both aircraft have de-icing equipment ; the Cirrus Vision has metal boots and the Eclipse 400 has rubber boots. The difference between the two aircraft ballad in the initial cost and the cost per hr. The Eclipse 400 has an initial cost of 1.35 million dollars and the Cirrus Vision costs one million dollars. But the & A ; acirc ; ˆ?per hr & A ; acirc ; ˆA? monetary value of the Eclipse 400 is 80 dollars less than the Cirrus Vision. The first 3000 flight hours the Eclipse 400 is still more expensive. But the Eclipse is less expensive than the Cirrus Vision after 4375 flight hours. A decision can be made on these findings, the initial monetary value of the Eclipse 400 is 350.000 dollars more but the Eclipse will be less expensive after 4375 hours. If the CEO is winging the aircraft for a period of more than 5000 hours the difference in monetary value will be 50.000 dollars. The Numberss given are achieved doing usage of simple math equations, which include initial monetary value plus cost per hr apparatus against the clip flown with the aircraft. All the monetary values for the cost inclu ding 3000 flight hours and the differences are given in dollars. In euros the entire monetary value for the Eclipse 400 will be 25.000 over two million and the entire monetary value for the Cirrus Vision will be 60.000 euros under two million. This is the initial cost of the aircraft plus the 3000 flight hours. However the initial specifications asked by the CEO are set on 3000 flight hours. After 3000 flight hours the Cirrus Vision is still less expensive than the Eclipse 400. So the Cirrus Vision is the chosen individual Jet aircraft. Table 3.X3.3.2 Multi engine jet aircraftMulti engine jet aircraft has plausible the best public presentation in airspeed and height compared with propjet and Piston engine aircraft. The advantage of runing a twin engine aircraft is the dependability to do a safe attack after an engine failure. The disadvantage is that keeping two jet engines is more expensive alternatively of 1 jet engine. The purchase costs of an aircraft in the class & A ; acirc ; ˆ?very visible radiation jet & A ; acirc ; ˆA? starts from an approximate & A ; acirc ; ‚ ¬700.000. Tabel ten shows the most suited purchase options in the class multi engine jet aircraft.& A ; Acirc ;Range ( nanometer )Takeoff Distance ( foot ) MTOWLanding Distance ( foot ) MLWsoap sail elevation ( foot )Cruising velocity ( karat )monetary value ( & A ; acirc ; ‚ ¬ )Maverick smartjet12501320144725.000277697.500Embrear bequest 50030004600210045.0006081.416.800Embrear bequest 45023004000200045.0005931.170.400Tabel t enIn add-on to the clients demand there is no suited aircraft in this class. The Maverick smart jet agrees the budget but is non equipped with a de-icing installing. Both Embrear Legacy aircraft agree the clients demands, and would run absolutely on the determined paths. The lone advantages are the cabin size which is designed to transport up to eight people, and both aircraft require aviation of 2 pilots.3.4 Most suited turbo-propFrom all the little turbo-prop aircraft, there will be looked at the public presentation, fuel ingestion, scope, figure of riders, and the planetary costs to find the best scorch engine ( 3.4.1 ) and the best multi engine turbo-prop ( 3.4.2 ) aircraft. Global costs are several variable costs such as fuel ingestion, set downing fees and an estimation of care. Finding a suited aircraft that fulfils the operating demands within the budget is hard, because turbo-prop engines are expansive.3.4.1 Single engineIn this paragraph the most suited aircraft with a ind ividual propjet engine is determent. Again a preselecting is made with the initial demands. The two functional aircraft are seen in tabular array†¦ .. ( Aircraft comparing ) .& A ; Acirc ;Range ( nanometer )Takeoff Distance ( foot ) MTOWLanding Distance ( foot ) MLWsoap sail elevation ( foot )Cruising velocity ( karat )MTOW ( pound )Pressurized cabinSeatingmonetary value ( dollar )Pilatus PC-68701.4441.03325.0001256.173& A ; Acirc ; No101.000.000Cessna Caravan1.2951.16071525.0001868.000& A ; Acirc ; No111.600.000Table & A ; acirc ; ˆÂ ¦.Aircraft comparing Both aircraft are by all agencies able to transport adequate people. The Pilatus PC-6 does non suit the velocity bound and is hence non possible as concern aircraft for this operation. The Cessna Caravan does carry through the velocity bound but is a small overpriced. The initial costs can be raised, if the aircraft turns out to be the best. The Cessna has de-icing equipment and conditions radio detection and ranging. The variable costs of the Cessna will be about 500 Euro per runing hr. Variable costs include fuel, airframe care, labor and parts, engine Restoration and assorted costs. The variable costs in ten old ages based on 300 flight hours a twelvemonth will be 1.500.000 euro. The operating costs of the Cessna Caravan in ten old ages will be about 2.753.721 Euro. The Cessna Caravan is the most suited individual engine propjet aircraft but does non suit the concern operation because there is no pressurized cabin available. Reasoning it can be said that in this monetary value class and the type of engine there is no suited aircraft for the company & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s demands.3.4.2 Most Suitable Multi-Engine Propjet AircraftFour different aircraft are found for the most suited Multi-Engine Propjet aircraft. The job is that the aircraft all deficiency of the de-icing equipment needed for the most suited aircraft. There is an option on every aircraft to attach boots on the wings and the stabilizers. But the anti-ice equipment needed on the propellor blades is non included in any of the aircraft. In short the multi-engine propjet aircraft are excluded for the most suited aircraft, which would be recommended to the CEO. If we deny the fact that the de-icing equipment is non valuable plenty the aircraft are still excessively expensive to suit the budget. The budget is 1.5 million dollars and the cheapest multi propjet ( Hawker Beechcraft King Air C90GTx ) aircraft costs 3.6 million dollars. Besides the monetary values per flight hr start from 500 dollars per hr boulder clay 690 dollars per hr. So the estimated monetary value for the undermentioned 3000 flight hours is non interesting for the CEO. A decision can be made harmonizing to the findings for the most suited multi-engine propjet aircraft. None of the found aircraft fit the parametric quantities, which are set up for the most suited aircraft.& A ; Acirc ;Range ( nanometer )Max sail elevation ( ft. )Max velocity ( karat )Cruising velocity ( karat )Cost pH( $ )Pressurized cabinPrice ( $ )Cost 3000FH( $ )De-IcingKing Air 250161035.000310& A ; Acirc ;630Yes5.800.0007.690.000NoPiaggio P180 Avanti II147041.000402690Yes5.700.0007.770.000NoPiaggio P16691524.000220220540No5.000.0006.620.000NoKing Air C90GTx131130.000270208500Yes3.600.0005.100.000NoTable 3.X3.5 DecisionThere were six classs out of which the best aircraft is chosen. As there was no multi jet engine aircraft which fits in the managers demands, five aircraft where selected ( table 3.x ) .Range ( nanometer )Take Off Distance ( foot ) MTOWLanding Distance ( foot ) MLWMax Cruise Alt. ( foot )Cruise Speed ( karat )MTOW ( pound )SeatingsPrice ( euro )Costss per FH ( eur o )Cessna P210 Turbo Centurion II90060050027.0001934.0005341.640251,16Beechcraft G58 Baron1.2002.5002.30020.6882025.5006646.620277,68Cirrus Vision SF501.2001.6001.24528.0002106.00071.528.000390Cessna Caravan1.2951.16071525.0001868.000111.248.000390Beechcraft King Air C90GTx1.3112.5522.36330.00020810.48582.808.000390Average1.1811.68214.2426.1382006.79771.314.452339,77Table 3.x Selected aircraft The best three aircraft demand to be chosen out of these five aircraft. The Beechcraft King Air C90GTx is the first aircraft, which drops off because of the high purchase monetary value. The 2nd aircraft, which drops off, is the Cessna Caravan ; the purchase monetary value does non suit in with the public presentations. This means that the top three aircraft are the Cessna P210 Turbo Centurion II, the Beechcraft G58 Baron and the Cirrus Vision SF50. The Cessna P210 Turbo Centurion II is the cheapest aircraft in a period of 10 old ages, it is nevertheless the smallest and the slowest aircraft. The Beechcraft G58 Baron is more expensive than the Cessna, it is nevertheless more epicurean and has a higher sail velocity. The Cirrus Vision is the most expensive aircraft of the three. It provides nevertheless many services which can non be found at the other three aircraft. The seven seats arrangement can be easy adapted in a four seats agreement, which consequences in tonss of infinite and comfort. The cabin has an optional toilet and there is a orbiter phone connexion available. A worldwide conditions system is integrated in the Garmin GFC700 pilotage show. The Garmin GFC700 pilotage system besides supports RNAV, which is utile when voyaging with DME and NDB beacons is over. The Cirrus Vision fills the spread between high public presentation Pistons, traditional propjet twins and visible radiation concern jets.

Other Causes Involved in the S essays

Other Causes Involved in the S essays Other Causes Involved in the Sinking of the R.M.S. Titanic On the night of April 14,1912 the luxury line R.M.S. Titanic sank in to the cold North Atlanic ocean. Although the collison with an iceburg was the main cause of ships sinking, a closer examanation of the events that lead up to the historic tragedy revealed that other factors were involves. Crew neglegienc, construction oversights, inspection errors, and even the unpreventable played parts in the most famous shipwerck in history. The Titanic was built by Harland and Wolfe shipyards and owned by the White Star Line Company, of Liverpool, England whose owner was American millionaire J. Pierpont Morgan. The main reason that the Titanic was built was to beat out the other large luxury liner competition. Its main purpose was to be the biggest and the best. Ironically, this goal turned out to be one of the Titanics downfalls. The Titanic weighed approximately 46,328 tons, was 882.5 feet long, measured 60.5 feet from the waterline to her boat deck, 175 feet from keel to the top of her four massive funnels, and was 92.5 feet wide. Capable of achieving 22 knots Titanic was not only the fastest moving man made object in the world, but also one of the largest. The Titanic disaster may have been foreshadowed by a struggling young author in 1898 (Lord, 97). It was that year when Morgan Robertson wrote of a large luxury liner called the Titan in a book called Futitlity. The Titan was a vast, luxurious ship that sank after a collision with an iceberg in the North Atlantic Ocean and had less than enough life boats for its passengers. The similarities between Robertsons Titan and the Titanic are uncanny. In fact, every detail of the fictional Titan matched with the real Titanic, including the amount of lifeboats, the iceberg in the North Atlantic and the size of the boat itself (Robertson, n.p.). Besides the iceberg there were other factors involved in the s...

French Presentation essays

French Presentation essays For my presentation Ive decided to research language. I think that is interesting to know how a person acquires language and how they learn a second language. Most people say that children and people who learn a second language learn by imitating what adults or people around them say. But it has been suggested that language is a biologically programmed activity. In 1957 B.F. Skinner published a book where he argued that children and people who learn a second language learn how to speak appropriately because people who know the language correct their grammar. He believed that a parent shapes a childs speech by turning their babbling into words and to combine these words to short or long sentences. And for people who learn a second language, he believed that their primary teacher shapes their grammar and teaches them how to put word together to form sentences. In the 1960s Chomsky proposed that humans are born with a language acquisition device (LDA), a linguistic processor that is activated by verbal input. According to Chomsky, the LAD contains the knowledge of rules that are common to all languages. So LAD should allow any child who has enough vocabulary to put words together. Its the same for people who learn a second language. If a person who learns a second language has enough vocabulary he can put word together to make sentences. But a person who learns a second language can not use the LAD to learn a second language unless he learns the second language during the Sensitive Period. The sensitive period is the period when a childs brain is not developed yet and is specialized to learn language. This sensitive period occurs between birth and puberty. So learning a second language after puberty is very hard because the sensitive period is over. Also, if a child has a traumatic accident during the sensitive period, he can recover and learn language again because the right side of his brain can a...

Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris Are the Toolbox Killers

Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris Are the Toolbox Killers In late October 1979, California authorities were busy hunting down and capturing The Hillside Strangler, Angelo Buono. In the meantime, two more barbaric killers had teamed up to fulfill a prison time fantasy - to kidnap, rape, torture and kill a girl for each teenage year. For two months, the duo hunted roads and beaches, looking for victims who  matched their demented fantasy. They almost met their goal, killing five young girls, ages ranging between 13 to 18. This is their story. Bittaker and Norris Meet In 1978, Lawrence Sigmund Bittaker, age 38, and Roy L. Norris, age 30, met while in the California State Prison at San Luis Obispo. Norris was labeled as a mentally disordered sex offender and previously spent four years at a state mental institution. Once released, he raped again and returned to prison. Bittaker spent most of his adult life behind bars for various offenses. As their friendship grew, so did their fantasies of raping and murdering teenage girls. The Murder Mack After their release from prison, they paired up, transformed Bittakers 1977 GMC van into what they nicknamed, Murder Mack, and began their kidnap, torture and killing spree of young girls. As is characteristic of psychopaths, the pain inflicted on their victims grew more vicious with each new captive. Cindy Schaeffer On June 24, 1979, in Redondo Beach, Cindy Schaeffer, age 16, was walking to her grandmother’s house after attending a church program. Bittaker and Norris pulled up next to her in the Murder Mack and tried to entice her to go for a ride. Her attempts to ignore the two failed. She was forced into the van and taken to a pre-selected spot in the mountains. There she was tortured and denied her requests to pray before the two beat and strangled her to death with wire coat hangers. Andrea Hall On July 8, 1979, the duo went hunting for their second victim and found 18-year-old Andrea Hall hitchhiking on the Pacific Coast Highway. With Bittaker hiding in the back, Norris stopped and offered Hall a ride. Within minutes after she entered the van, Bittaker attacked, raped and took pictures of her bound and in fear. As if playing a game, Bittaker then asked why she should be allowed to live. Not liking her answer, he stabbed her in the ear with an ice pick and choked her to death. Jackie Gilliam and Jacqueline Lamp On Sept.  3, 1979, the murderous pair picked up their youngest victims from a bus stop at Hermosa Beach. Jackie Gilliam, 15, and Jacqueline Lamp, 13, were kidnapped and taken to the mountain location where they were raped and tortured for two days. As with Hall, both girls were stabbed in each ear with an ice pick, their small bodies viciously attacked with vice grips, then strangled to death with coat hangers tightened with pliers. Lynette Ledford The killers last known victim was killed on Oct. 31, 1979. Sixteen-year-old Lynette Ledford was kidnapped and her body mutilated. The young girl was stabbed numerous times, and with pliers, Bittaker ripped at her body. During her torture, her screams and pleas were tape-recorded as Bittaker repeatedly beat the young girls elbows with a sledgehammer, all the time demanding that she not stop screaming. In the end, the pair strangled her with a coat hanger. For fun the pair decided to leave Ledfords brutalized corpse on the lawn of a suburban home in Hermosa Beach, just to see the reaction of the media. The Hillside Strangler, Angelo Buono, had been caught just a few days before the discovery of Lynette Ledfords body, although authorities were not swayed into identifying her killer as Buono. Captured Norris was the murderous pairs downfall. He bragged to an old prison friend about his crime spree. The friend tipped off police, and the story sounded much like that of the victim, Shirley Sanders. On September 30, Shirley Sanders managed to escape from two men who used chemical mace on her, then raped her inside a van. Police interviewed her again, this time armed with pictures, and Sanders was able to identify the van and Norris and Bittaker as her attackers. Norris Points the Finger at Bittaker The two were arrested for unrelated crimes and held without bail for violating their probations. During an interrogation, Norris began admitting details about the pairs murderous activities, and he pointed the finger at Bittaker for being the one who killed their victims. 500 Photos - 19 Missing Girls Norris worked out a deal with authorities in exchange for his testimony against Bittaker, as well as showing police where they hid the bodies of their victims. Overall, police found over 500 photos of teenaged girls, 19 of which were listed as missing. But Norris clammed up and would only tell investigators what happened to five of the 19 missing girls. The Sentencing During Bittakers and Norris trial, the disturbing pictures of their crimes and the tape-recording of Lynette Ledfords final painful hours were shared with the jury. The impact was substantial. Bittaker was sentenced to death, and the judge included an extra 199-year life sentence just in case his death sentence was ever commuted to life. Norris was given 45 years to life for his cooperation in the investigation. In 2009, Norris was denied parole for an additional 10 years. Sources Couples Who Kill by Carol Anne Davis

Interview Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Interview Paper - Essay Example She was asked about the degree of knowledge that would be required by an individual who would be venturing into this field and choosing it as a career path. She was also asked what it was that she looked for when hiring new employees. The interview was very effective in getting an idea into the world of real estate. The subject is no doubt a very vastly practiced one, and the services are used by an individual at least once in their life time and yet there are dimensions of this field that are unknown by the common man. The field is very diverse and encompasses a variety of different aspects. Price and value of land will vary regardless of size and shape based on other aspects such as location, commercialization soil quality and other such factors. The market trend keeps changing and is very similar to the stock exchange. Far out locations and various apartment buildings and investments to such housing schemes require a great deal of research n the part of the real estate agent. The displaying and placing of the right priced, with in budget house and/or land with potential buyers is also a very tedious job as all individuals do not belong to the same socio economic statuses. Ms Delores when asked about her assessment of the market trend and potential employees was kind enough to spill the beans.

CYBER LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

CYBER LAW - Essay Example Internet has a huge impact on both professional and personal lives of users. There is common belief that anyone can write anything while online. On the Internet, exaggerated forms of behavior are not uncommon and people tend to harass or ridicule others who do not agree with their views. However, it is not right to assume that damaging someone’s reputation in a public forum cannot be contested in a court of law. Considering the growing tendency among people to defame others including employees have induced governments and courts to extend laws and regulations that encompass derogatory comments made on social networking sites and other traditions forms of media. Defamation of others by way of slanderous comments is not a new thing and has been in practice for many decades, but this has been enhanced by the development of the Internet as a social medium. While negative comments published in the newspapers or broadcasted on the TV have a limited shelf life, those made on blogs an d online social forums can remain in the websites for many years. The Internet is a medium that provides freedom of speech and expression to all individuals including the common people in the global level. The Internet thus is a democratic way of communication in a user-friendly, efficient and cost-friendly manner. Social networking sites like chat rooms and blogs are places to freely express one’s opinions. In spite of the Internet’s facility of freedom of speech, it is often being misused.1 Defamation is a term that has been used from Middle Ages that meant a person’s reputation so evil that it could put a man on trial. In this modern era, the term defamation is used when there is attack on a person’s good name or reputation. A complaint can be brought for defamation â€Å"based on a false statement, spoken (slander) or written (libel) that exposes a person to hatred, contempt, or ridicule, or which causes a person to be shunned or avoided, or which ha s a tendency to injure that person in his or her occupation.†2 Since communication done online is mostly done in written mode, online defamation claims fall under the category of libel law. In order to prove defamation various factors have to be considered. Firstly, it has to be proved that the statement concerned invades the reputation of the plaintiff which means the statement is defamatory. Secondly, the statement must make reference of the plaintiff. Thirdly, the statement must be communicated to a third person. Fourthly, the defendant has no valid defence.3 As social networking sites and blogs are increasingly becoming a common occurrence, it also increases the possibilities of people committing intentional or unintentional defamation or libel. The easy accessibility of online forum to ordinary citizens have made defamation a common phenomenon. Before the advent of online communication, people who were not engaged in media related activities did not have to worry about de famation or libel. The traditional modes of expressions like newspapers or televisions are responsible for their contents that are broadcasted. Similarly, one needs to be aware of the comments that he or she posts or distributes over the Internet to avoid defamation or libel.4 There are numerous online activities that are considered illegal. Making threats or comments that attack another individual or organization on a social networking

Answer the question Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Answer the question - Assignment Example The study is that which will involve comparison in contrast to correlation research, which tends to look into a relationship. 4. The questions of the effects that occur due to a factor might lend themselves better to causal-comparative research than a to an experimental research since experimental research would investigate the factors but not compare and contrast them to the results. 6. Random assignment is not possible in causal-comparative study since random assignment may bring about groups that do not relate. Random selection is possible in causal-comparative research since it can lead to groups that can be compared and contrasted. 7. The topic on effects of team teaching on the attitudes of students towards history could be studied through causal-comparative research. This is through selection of a group that are not team-taught and those that are team-taught and comparison is made on the two. 9. There is possibility that a researcher is able to study the same variable in an experimental study and causal-comparative study. This is possible through the topic in experimental study being compared to another topic in causal-comparative research. 10. Categorically variables are those that take on values that are names and labels. A categorical quantitative that can be considered a quantitative variable is grams. It has value and brings about quantity. 1. The topics that a personal interview may be superior to a mail or telephone survey is when the topics require demonstration. An example of a topic is investigation of reaction to stimulus on an individual. 5. Conducting a cross sectional survey on the population is not a good idea. Cross sectional survey will not bring out the actual information and data on the population as compared to a census, which brings out the actual data. Cross-sectional survey is only estimation. 8. There are questions that cannot be surveyed through the mail,

Negotiating for a Borderless World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Negotiating for a Borderless World - Essay Example It has bridged the gap of highly industrialized countries with the least developed ones, which allowed the specialization of skills and the use of comparative advantage, a theory popularized by David Ricardo. In this competitive arena of global players, it is very essential to know how to negotiate and make a sustainable partnership. Negotiation skills are a must to survive. The following paragraphs will tackle the different concepts of negotiations and how it is being used in trade and politics. As discussed in class, negotiations are made for many reasons: to divide resources, to create something new and to resolve any conflict among parties. Negotiations always involve at least two parties, a conflict that needs to be resolved, and a give and take process. Negotiations must end up with an agreement and must depend on each other in order to achieve this. This interdependence relationship can produce two outcomes: zero-sum and non-zero-sum. Zero-sum happens when there is a winner and a loser, while non-zero-sum is a situation where the parties involved get mutual benefits. In 2001, the Doha Round declaration paved a way for the creation of mandates on the negotiation of a variety of trade issues by the Trade Negotiations Committee (WTO, 2001). They formed two negotiating groups, market access, and WTO rules. The negotiating group on market access is concerned in the liberalization of non-agricultural goods, while the negotiating group for WTO rules was concerned on subjects like the Anti-dumping and subsidies agreement plus provisions on regional trade agreements. Negotiations are present in bodies such as agriculture, services, geographical indications, dispute settlement understanding, environment and on outstanding implementation issues. There are six principles the committee has to adhere in their negotiations.

REFLECTION ON INTERNATIONAL MARKETING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

REFLECTION ON INTERNATIONAL MARKETING - Essay Example Additionally, international markets are characterised by a wide range of market forces that may limit the success of particular products that do not conform to the market forces. Some of the pertinent issues that may affect the success of a product in the market includes the skin colour of the people, their cultural aspects, and even their general attitude towards specific products. For instance, in Asia, the idea of a bright skin colour is a sensitive issue that influences the sale of beauty products. As such, organizations that consider entering the international market should be prepared to conform to these market forces to avoid the risk of opposition from their potential customers. Unilever is one of the organizations that have faced a market resistance from their sale of skin whitening products in Asia. International marketing strategy demands that an organization conforms to the ethical aspects of the new market to avoid igniting moods and emotions that may affect their operat ions. In the Asian market, there has been an upsurge of the demand of beauty products, a trend that has attracted many beauty product organizations to venture into this market. McDougall (2013, Para. 2) pointed out that Asia contributes to a large extent to the expanding beauty market that is expected to hit $19.8 billion by the year 2013. In Asia particularly, the market for beauty products has expanded due to the great desire of citizens to lighten their skin as a way of conforming to the notion that dominates in this environment that the bright skin is a symbol for superiority while darker skin symbolizes a suppressed person in the society. In China, India, Japan and Thailand, the people have learnt to associate light skin with beauty, youthfulness and success. Additionally, the demand has heightened due to the change of use of these skin lightening chemicals. Traditionally, these products were used for facial care yet currently the products are used for whole body care. Resultan tly, the market is expected to grow rapidly for at least five years in the near future. Consequently, multinational organizations, such as Unilever, have identified this as a potential market for sale of beauty products. However, the organizations seem to have undermined the concept of consumer behaviour that Samli (2013, P. 2) regards as a giant market force in the 12st century business environment. Skin colour has been a controversial issue in the Asian society that has sparked a great debate on the definition of beauty in this market. The nortion that bright people are superior to the white people has lead to a vicious discussion as most activists regard this kind of attitude as an act of discrimination that must be eliminated once and for all in the society. One of the activists against colour discrimination, Nandita, has launched a campaign to declare that â€Å"Dark is beautiful† as a way of fighting this issue that has generated mixed emotions in this country (Daily Ne ws, 2013, Para. 1). Being a popular actress, Nandita has garnered a lot of public interest among the black people who have shown their support of the campaign to fight against colour and racial discrimination. This campaign is similar to the campaign in Senegal that declares that â€Å"Don’t Bleach, black is beautiful† to assert the public that beauty is beyond the skin colour. From this point of view, skin colour is a matter that is likely to influence the consumer behaviour in the Asian market and taking precaution is the only way to

Negotiating for a Borderless World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Negotiating for a Borderless World - Essay Example It has bridged the gap of highly industrialized countries with the least developed ones, which allowed the specialization of skills and the use of comparative advantage, a theory popularized by David Ricardo. In this competitive arena of global players, it is very essential to know how to negotiate and make a sustainable partnership. Negotiation skills are a must to survive. The following paragraphs will tackle the different concepts of negotiations and how it is being used in trade and politics. As discussed in class, negotiations are made for many reasons: to divide resources, to create something new and to resolve any conflict among parties. Negotiations always involve at least two parties, a conflict that needs to be resolved, and a give and take process. Negotiations must end up with an agreement and must depend on each other in order to achieve this. This interdependence relationship can produce two outcomes: zero-sum and non-zero-sum. Zero-sum happens when there is a winner and a loser, while non-zero-sum is a situation where the parties involved get mutual benefits. In 2001, the Doha Round declaration paved a way for the creation of mandates on the negotiation of a variety of trade issues by the Trade Negotiations Committee (WTO, 2001). They formed two negotiating groups, market access, and WTO rules. The negotiating group on market access is concerned in the liberalization of non-agricultural goods, while the negotiating group for WTO rules was concerned on subjects like the Anti-dumping and subsidies agreement plus provisions on regional trade agreements. Negotiations are present in bodies such as agriculture, services, geographical indications, dispute settlement understanding, environment and on outstanding implementation issues. There are six principles the committee has to adhere in their negotiations.

Accountability in Nursing Profession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Accountability in Nursing Profession - Essay Example It is an ethic that must be counted at very start of the management and HRM process. However, unfortunately the organizations today have no formal accountability strategy implementation. It does not mean that accountability is no more in today business, it is still in trends but the real spirit of the accountability is not being seen in organizational management. The organizations today are trying to accept the challenges of making them improved and advanced in providing the best services to their stakeholders, but the question is why we are accepting challenges, whey we are struggling to bring more improvements and why we should do this (Dealy and Thomas 2007,42). The professional nurse accountability is an act of taking responsibility of what the nurses are liable and being expected to do regarding their profession that is directly and indirectly related with the client’s well-being and health. Several government, non-government and semi-government departments are imperatively implementing the accountability strategy within the organization specifically the health departments. However, health department is the most sensitive area of any business that purely related with the lives of people. From doctors to ordinary watchmen and sweepers, all are liable and accountable to the managers and head of department for each and every action without even prior instruction, duty and training. In our research paper we will discuss the professional nurse accountability, groundwork of the accountability and present and future accountability for nursing profession. 1.2. The Professional Nurse Accountability As mentioned above, the accountability is not only liable and considered necessary for the managers and leaders, but every individual in the organization is liable and accountable. It is an act to be responsive to something done by him/her or for what he/she is supposed to do. The professional nurse accountability is related to the responsiveness of the nurses to the peers, patients, oneself, his/her profession and to the society. The nursing profession is very much accountable and connected with society and nursing peers. The nurses are accountable and responsible for their deeds and responsibilities based on the code of nursing, nursing practice standards, development of nursing theory, educational requirements, and certifications. Different bodies set and design the standards for the health care and nursing profession and practice. This means nurses are accountable of different levels of responsibility from nurses. They have to be aware o f each nursing profession standard, because everybody that sets the standards for nursing profession has their own standard to apply as well as the penalty to implement if these standards are not met. There is no single resource of accountability for nursing profession. When we in detailes focus on the accountability factor of the nursing profession, we see that there are more than one source to provide the different types of accountability for nursing practice. These types may come from the legality aspects, media platforms, agencies, government departments or councils of nursing and midwifery profession. All these resources bring major amendments and improvements in nursing profession accountability (Caulfield 2011). 1.3. To Whom the Professional Nurse Is Accountable? The nursing profession is very much compelled and accountable to grant the ample and proficient nursing concern. Therefore, it is the personal responsibility of the nurses to pay proper attention and care to sustain the aptitude in practice. Hence, this accountability act is necessary for the nurses for basically two major purposes: firstly, to develop, maintain and

The secret police Propaganda and the cult of personality Essay Example for Free

The secret police Propaganda and the cult of personality Essay The following were equally important reasons why Stalin was able to hold on to power in the Soviet Union: The purges and show trials The secret police Propaganda and the cult of personality Stalins economic policies Explain how far you agree with this statement There are a number of reasons why I partially agree with this statement, however, I do not believe it would be correct to say that it is totally correct. The fact that Stalin was extremely politically cunning enabled him to combine the above techniques, in order to minimise opposition, and maximise support and production in the soviet state. Stalins techniques can be classed into two main methods of winning support: the use of fear, and the use of propaganda and success in order to persuade. After Stalin achieved power in 1928, he became increasingly paranoid of any opposition. His initial aim was to ensure that his position in power was totally secure, and risk free. In order to achieve this, Stalin used two of the methods mentioned above: the purges and show trials, and the secret police. These two methods were very closely linked and intertwined. From around 1930 onwards, Stalin gave the Secret Police (NKVD) the right to arrest anyone suspected of opposing, or having the potential to oppose Stalin. However, this did not simply include party members who had previously opposed Stalin, for the police would arrest scientists, doctors, actors, teachers, artist and any ordinary people or workers whom Stalin felt threatened by. Naturally, this was an enormous task, and could not be managed by Stalin alone. Instead, a vast army of informers were released into society, to tip off the NKVD of any opposition. Such was the extent of the spying that went on in the 1930s, and Stalins terror of opposition, that children were even encouraged to inform on their own parents, and neighbours would condemn each other, in order to deflect blame from themselves. The situation became extremely similar to that of the Nazi police state, with the Gestapo, in which Hitler used to spy on the public. In addition to this, Stalin even took the extreme measures of executing any members of the NKVD, who were either inefficient at rooting out counter-revolutionaries, or who he suspected of knowing too much about his plans, and posing a potential threat to his position. A number of show trials were also held under Stalins command. These were court cases of predetermined verdict, which were greatly publicised in order to boost support for Stalin. By doing this, Stalin aimed to ward off criticism for having killed millions of Russians as a result of the purges. In 1934 Kirov, a popular leading communist was assassinated. Historians today are quite convinced that Stalin was at least partially responsible for the murder. However, on 13th march, 1936, sixteen old Bolsheviks, including Zinoviev and Kamenev were faced with charges of having been responsible for the death of Kirov, and having plotted against Stalin. Whilst historians today believe that it is extremely unlikely that the two loyal Bolsheviks had anything to do with the assassination of Kirov, all sixteen of the accused were sentenced to be executed on 24 August. This shows how Stalin was able to carefully twist purges and show trials into a form of propaganda, in which he could present himsel f as a great leader, and make it impossible for people to oppose him. In the following years, up to 1938, many more show trials were held. Stalin was extremely quick with dealing with the army, executing over 90 percent (some 25 000) of all Soviet generals in order to make it totally incapable of leading a putsch against Stalin. The Communist party had been purged of anyone likely to face up to Stalin, and all of the old Bolsheviks of the 1917 revolution were gone. History books were rewritten in order to erase any memory of these counter-revolutionaries. By 1939, Peoples lives were crippled with fear of the NKVD, as over 20 million Russians were now in labour camps, 12 million of them dead. To prove this, in 1989, a mass burial pit was discovered, containing the bodies of over 80 000 people who had been executed under Stalins command. However, in the meantime all knowledge of Stalins purges was being erased, and the myth of his greatness being created. Stalin had finally achieved what he wanted, and his position in power was totally safe, with the army incapable of opposing him, and all opposition amongst the communist party, and throughout the Soviet Union removed. This was an extremely important step taken by Stalin, in order to preserve his leadership, however due to the huge cost of these actions, Stalin found the economy under a great deal of stress. It is my belief that Stalin used his economic policies for two main reasons. Firstly a successful economy would cause him to look good, and help him tighten his grip on power. Secondly, the international situation was becoming fairly gloomy for Russia, it was seriously threatened by famine, and it could not compete with other industrial countries, increasingly towards 1938, after Stalins costly purges and show trials. Stalin said in a speech to the first conference of workers, we are fifty to a hundred years behind the advanced countries. We must make up this gap in ten years. Either we do this or they crush us. We can therefore conclude that it was becoming vital for Stalin to introduce a change in the system in order for Russias economy to survive. After realising that Lenins idea of trying to persuade the Peasants to join collective farms was not working fast enough, Stalin decided that a far more ruthless process was required, in order to produce enough food to support an increasing amount of workers in industry. To begin with, Stalin tried Lenins tactic of persuading peasants, however after they heavily resisted, Stalin became far more brutal. Over 5 million kulak families are thought to have died in labour camps, along with anyone who tried to defend them. Eventually, Stalin achieved the results he wanted, and by 1935, 94 percent of agricultural land had been collectivised, and the kulak class eliminated, however the brutal way in which this process was carried out meant that it was greatly resented by many. On the industrial front, Stalin set about introducing the first Five-year Plan, from 1928 until 1932. This was a regime intended to last for five years, in which GOSPLAN, the State planning Commission constructed a list of ambitious targets to develop industry, power supply, and transport. The basic aim of the plan was to shift Russia away from agriculture slightly, and move more into industry. After having successfully swayed Russia from being an agricultural country, to an agricultural-industrial country, Stalin introduced the second Five-Year plan. This plan involved increasing the production of machinery, such as tractors to keep up with the collectivisation of farming, water supplies and transport. In little time at all, Russia had become the worlds third biggest industrial power, which was an enormous success. These five-year plans were an extremely important method of keeping Stalin in power, as people would become proud of their country and leader, and be reluctant to change. However, this boost in industrial strength came at a heavy price, and the importance of these plans is shown in the tight discipline exercised by Stalin. Managers could be prosecuted, and arrested by the NKVD for failing to reach targets, as it was actually made to be a crime. Every worker was required to have a permit in order to change jobs, and was instantly sacked if absent for more than a couple of days. Alternatively they could be briefly sent to prison! Anyone leaving school had no choice of where they worked, and they were simply allocated to jobs where employees were needed. By the time the third five-year plan was introduced in 1938, Stalin was able to start producing consumer goods, such as radios, bicycles and household goods. In my opinion, these consumer goods were a clever trick played by Stalin, to convince the public that their standard of living was improving, in order to win support. In reality, it was quite the opposite, and living standards generally declined. People were regimented, lost their personal freedom, and were very closely supervised and intimidated by the NKVD. In general, this economic revolution was a fairly important step for Stalin to remain in power. Firstly, although they may have resented the way in which the economy was boosted, it would have triggered a large amount of support from the Russian people, who felt unstable in their economy, and surrounded by hostile neighbours. Many people also shared his view that rapid industrialisation was the only way for Russia to survive, and so would have been extremely impressed after Stalin caused Russia to become second to only the USA in industrial production. Stalin was also extremely aware of the importance of his image, and how the impression he made on people affected the way in which he could govern. He realised that in order to maintain his domination of Russian people, he would be required strictly monitor and regulate all aspects of the media, and promote his qualities which won him respect, so he set up a tight propaganda program, which eventually brainwashed the minds of Russian people. Stalin ensured that all arts, films and books were carefully controlled by the state. Artists were forced to adapt their work so that it glorified the state, and positively projected its policies. Through the careful control of films, Stalin was able to promote himself as running the state as a haven of the good-life for all workers, showing workers having free holidays and happy lives. Films also promoted hard work, by glorifying workers such as Stakhanov, who exceeded his factory quota. Authors were also kept under strict regulation, being forced to promote the state and Stalins policies, and those who wrote anything critical of these thins were arrested by the KGB ( ) and thrown into prison, or disappeared into labour camps. Another way Stalin promoted himself was by presenting himself as the Father and protector of the Soviet Union. Stalin tricked the public into believing that he had been close to Lenin, when in fact, Lenin left a list of complaints of how he disliked Stalin in his testament. In general, I feel that this is a moderately important step towards keeping power in the Soviet Union, as it reduced opposition to his policies, however it would have provoked aggravation amongst people involved in the production of films, books and arts. Stalin a Drawing to a conclusion, I believe that the way in which Stalin sustained his grip on power was extremely complex, and it is therefore very difficult to put a finger on one particular technique and say that it is most important. Realistically, the four main methods used by Stalin; the purges and show trials, the secret police, propaganda and the cult of personality, and Stalins economic policies were all carefully intertwined. For example, Stalin used the show trials, in which he had many counter-revolutionaries falsely accused of murder, as a means of propaganda, to deflect criticism from himself. The secret police were also heavily involved in the three other methods of maintaining power. They ensured that Stalins propaganda campaign ran smoothly, arrested anyone failing to keep up with the pace of Stalins economic policies, and were actively involved in the purges and show trials, to such an extent that some became victims and were exiled or executed. I also believe that Stalins economic polices were partially due to the stress placed on the economy by the costly purges. It is therefore possible to see how all of the reasons why Stalin was able to hold onto power in the Soviet Union were very much dependant on each other. However, I do believe that propaganda was a rather unimportant contribution to Stalins success, after he had achieved power in 1924. Whilst Stalin did a good job of controlling the media and presenting himself well to the Russian people and the rest of the world, many Russians were not really given a choice in the first place. Therefore I believe that even without propaganda, it could have been possible for Stalin to maintain power, due to the way people were strictly monitored and intimidated by the secret police.

Methods in the Assessment of Infertility

Methods in the Assessment of Infertility DISCUSSION 6. DISCUSSION 6.1 Fertility depends on the presence of normal fallopian tubes. Tubal factors have been reported to account for 25% to 30% cases of infertility. [6]Partial or complete occlusion of fallopian tubes is one of the major etiological factors in infertility. 6.2 In the present study, 60 cases attending Gyneac OPD in Department of Obstetrics Gynaecology at Base Hospital were studied. Among all cases of primary infertility was found to be 73.3% in present study and cases of secondary infertility was found to be 26.6%. (Table -5.1). Allahabadia et al (1992) studied 50 patients, out of which 40 (80%) had primary infertility and 10 (20%) had secondary infertility. [61] 6.3 The average age in primary infertility group, in present study was found to be 25.27 years while that in secondary infertility group was 28.83 years (Table: 5.2 5.3).Average age of all cases of infertility was 27.05 years. Tufekci et al (1992) studied 44 cases. The mean age of patients was 24.17 + 2.83 years (age ranging from 20 years to 35 years).The maximum number of cases i.e. 29 (65.9%) of primary infertility were in 21-25 years age group. In secondary infertility group, the maximum number of cases i.e. 8 cases (50%) were found to be in 26 30 years age group. [79] S. Kore et al, in their study had similar observation. Maximum numbers of the patients in his study were between 25-30 years of age, 34 patients had primary infertility and 6 had secondary infertility. Mean duration of infertility in his study was 5.2 years. [8] S lal et al, studied 100 patient of infertility and majority of the patients i.e. 64% of the women were cases of primary infertility and maximum number belonged to the age group of 26-30 years .[57] 6.4 The average duration of infertility in primary infertility group was 7.78 years, while that in secondary infertility group was 9.58 years (Tables 5.5, 5.6). The maximum number of cases i.e. 17 cases (38.7%) of primary infertility were infertile for 1-5 years whereas for 6-10 years (Table 5.5, 5.6) in secondary infertility group i.e. 9 cases (56.3%). Among all cases of infertility, the maximum number of cases i.e. 24 cases (40%) were infertile for 6 -10 years (Table – 5.7). Similar finding were also reported by A.K. P. Ranaweera et al. (2013); in which study population comprised 42 infertile women in Srilanka.[80] Overall, the mean age was 31.95 years, with a range of 24–39 years. Mean duration of infertility was 2.98 years, range 1–10 years. Infertility was reported as primary and secondary by 38 (90.5%) and 4 (9.5%), respectively [84]. Another study which was done by Aziz N. (2010) on infertility cases, where cases were taken by ratio of primary and secondary infertility as 2:1.Out of 50 patients, 32 patients (64%) presented with primary infertility and 18 patients (36%) presented with secondary infertility. The mean duration of infertility was 3.7 years and 7.3 years in primary and secondary infertility respectively, while mean age of presentation was 28 years in primary infertility and 32 years in secondary infertility. [68] 6.5 On transvaginal sonosalpingography, out of 44 cases of primary infertility, tubes were found to be patent in 30 cases and blocked in 14 cases (Table 5.8). These 30 cases of patent tubes included 5 cases which showed delayed spill on one side and free spill on other side. Out of 14 cases of tubal block, 6 cases (13.7%) showed bilateral tubal block, 4 cases (9%) each showed right sided and left sided block respectively (Table – 5.8). Out of 16 cases of secondary infertility, 8 cases (50%) showed bilateral tubal patency and 4 cases (25%) showed bilateral tubal block. 1 case (6.2%) and 3 cases (18.8%) showed left sided and right sided block respectively (Table 5.9). Out of all 60 cases of infertility, 38 cases (63.3%) showed bilateral tubal patency and 22 cases (36.7%) showed tubal block (unilateral/bilateral) (Table – 5.10). Tubal block was found to be more common in secondary infertility cases i.e. 8 (50%) as compared to primary infertility cases 14 (31.7%) (Tables-5.8, 5.9). Bilateral tubal block was more common in secondary infertility cases i.e. 4 cases (25%) as compared to primary infertility cases i.e. 6 cases.(13.7%) (Tables- 5.8, 5.9). Tufekci et al (1992) performed transvaginal sonosalpingography and accurately showed patency in 26 patients and bilateral non-patency in 3 patients. [79] Allahabadia et al (1992) performed The Sion Test in 50 patients and found bilateral patency in 41 cases, (82%), bilateral block in 6 (12%) cases, left block in 2 (4%) cases and right block in 1 case (2%). [61] Transvaginal sonosalpingography could also pick up additional findings. Cystic ovary was observed in 5 cases (8.3%) and fibroid in 3 cases (5%) (Table 5.11). 6.6 In Primary infertility group, out of 44 cases chromolaparoscopy showed bilateral tubal patency in 31 cases (71.4%) and bilateral tubal block in 6 cases (13.6%). Left sided block and right sided block was seen in 3 cases (6.9%) and 4 cases (9.1%) respectively (Table 5.12). Out of 16 cases of secondary infertility, chromolaparoscopy showed bilateral tubal patency in 9 cases (56.2%), which included one case which showed delayed spill on one side. Bilateral tubal block was seen in 3 cases (18.8%). Left sided block and right sided block was seen in 1 case (6.2%) and 3 cases (18.8%) respectively (Table 5.13). 6.7 Out of all 60 cases of infertility, chromo-laparoscopy revealed tubal block in 20 cases (33.3%) and bilateral tubal patency in 40 cases (66.7%) (Table 5.14). Tubal block was found in 7 cases (11.7%) in secondary infertility group as compared to 13 cases (21.7%) in primary infertility group (Table 5.14). Darwish AM et al study, where SHG agreed with laparoscopy for the patency of right and left tubes in 72.4% and 60.5% cases. [75] Allahabadia et al (1992) observed bilateral tubal patency in 41 cases (82%); bilateral tubal block in 6 cases (12%) left block in 2 cases (4%) and right block in 1 case (2%). [61] 6.9 Out of additional findings picked up by chromolaparoscopy in all cases of infertility, adhesions (peritubal / periovarian) were most commonly observed i.e. in 21 cases (35%). Cystic ovary and fimbrial cyst were observed in 4 cases each (6.6%) respectively. Fibroid was seen in 3 cases (5%). Tubo-ovarian mass, acute kinking of tube and endometriosis were seen in one case each respectively (1.6%) (Table 5.15). Aziz N (2010) observed tubal blockage in 21.9% and 33.3% cases of primary and secondary infertility respectively. Out of all 15.6% cases of primary infertility were detected as polycystic ovaries (PCO) which was not found in cases of secondary infertility. Endometriosis was found in 12.5% cases with primary infertility and 11.1% cases with secondary infertility. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) was found in 3.1% and 16.7% cases of primary and secondary infertility respectively. Peritubal and periovarian adhesions were detected in 6.3% cases with primary infertility and 22.2% cases with secondary infertility. Fibriod was found in 6.3% and 5.6% cases of primary and secondary infertility respectively. Ovarian cyst detected in 6.3% cases with primary infertility while none was found in cases of secondary infertility. [68] 6.10 A significant advantage of chromolaparoscopy over other methods of detecting tubal patency is that, it permits the visualisation of additional pelvic pathology, particularly pelvic adhesions. This is particularly relevant in assessing the feasibility of their surgical intervention. If dense pelvic adhesions are seen to be associated with totally disorganised tubes, laparotomy may not be indicated. This is of further value with reference to genital tuberculosis, as it presents a real diagnostic problem.Reliable diagnosis of genital tuberculosis is of significance not only to enable proper specific treatment, but also to avoid futile and possibly hazardous surgery.Inability to diagnose accurately the peri-tubal adhesions is an important shortcoming of transvaginal sonosalpingography. 6.11 The presence of peritubal and periovarian adhesions and that too, with high incidence is a significant finding in this study. It implies that adhesions can affect the tubal function with-out affecting the tubal patency. Adhesions affect the fallopian tube by restricting its mobility, interfering with ovum pick up and changing its peristalsis. Laparoscopy provides additional information concerning The site of adhesions whether peritubal or periovarian. b)The extent of adhesions. c)The effect on the course of the tube. d)Anatomical relation between fimbia and ovary Exact site of tubal block could not be diagnosed by transvaginal sonosalpingography.Out of 7 cases of tubal block in secondary infertility group, 2 cases (12.5%) each showed corneal block and midtubal block was seen in 1case (6.2%) and 4 cases (25%) showed fimbrial block (Table 5.17). 6.12 When results of transvaginal sonosalpingography and chromolaparoscopy were compared in all cases of infertility, 38 cases (63.4%), showed bilateral tubal patency by transvaginal sonosalpingography, whereas by chromolaparoscopy 40 cases (66.6%) showed bilateral tubal patency.Agreement regarding tubal patency was seen in 63.4% of cases. Regarding tubal block, agreement was seen in 33.4% cases. On the whole, agreement was seen in 96.6% cases (Table 5.18). Tufekci et al (1992) found completely consistent results in 76.32% of cases by transvaginal sonosalpingography and chromolaparoscopy and partially consistent results in 21.05% cases, and inconsistent results in 2.63% case. [79] Allahbadia et al (1992) performedSiontest and chromolaparoscopy in 50 patients. They found 100% agreement between the two methods for tubal patency. [61] 6.13 Comparison between transvaginal sonoslpingography and chromolaparoscopy in tubal block group (Table 5.19) showed that regarding bilateral tubal block, agreement was seen in 40.9% cases. Regarding unilateral tubal block, agreement was seen in 50% cases, and on the whole agreement was seen in 90.9% cases. Out of 60 cases 22 cases (36.6%) showed tubal block by transvaginal sonosalpingography whereas by chromolaparoscopy only 20 cases (33.4%) showed tubal block. Two cases were falsely picked up by transvaginal sonosalpingography as cases of tubal block. Jeanty P (2000) observed that Air-sonohysterography and laparoscopy with chromopertubation showed agreement in 79.4%. In 17.2% of patients, the tubes were considered nonvisualized by air-sonohysterography when they were patent. The sensitivity was 85.7% and specificity was 77.2%. [70] 6.14 One of the cases which showed right sided block by transvaginal sonosalpingography and bi-lateral tubal patency by chromolaparoscopy showed flimsy peritubal and periovarian adhesions and delayed spill on instillition of methylene blue dye from right side, when chromolaparoscopy was performed. The other case which showed bilateral tubal block by transvaginal sonosalpingography, showed apparently healthy tubes and free spill from both sides by chromolaparoscopy. This might be due to spasm which was relieved under general anaesthesia. Study has done by Tanawattanacharoen S et al. (2000) Shows corresponding results between HyCoSy and chromolaparoscopy in 80.0%. The agreement between both procedures in assessing the uterine pathology was 80.4% (68%). [77] Dietrich, M et al. (1996) find corresponding results with regard to the tube patency between HyCoSy and conventional chromolaparoscopy in 82.5% of cases .Right sided block was observed in 31.8% by both methods. Left sided block was seen in 22.7% by transvaginal sonosalpingography however chromolaparoscopy confirmed block in 18.1%. Percentage of false positive results as shown by transvaginal sonosalpingography was 4.6 %, whereas no false negative results were seen. [63] Allahabadia et al (1992) observed bilateral tubal block in 12%, left sided block in 2% by both Sion test and chromolaparoscopy. [61] 6.15 Divergent observations emphasize the difficulty encountered in accurate localisation. Cornual occlusion for example either functional or structural precludes any evaluation of the remainder of the tube. Furthermore, the patients with apparent cornual block may show a block at the ampulla on repeated film. Chromolaparoscopy revealed more of additional findings as compared to sonosalpingography (Table 5.15). 6.16 Comparison between these two methods in patients of tubal block showed that chromolaparoscopy was the most reliable method for diagnosing tubal block. Out of 22 cases of tubal block by transvaginal sonosalpingography, 2 cases showed patent tubes by chromolaparoscopy and only in 20 cases, the tubal block was confirmed. Level of agreement between these two methods regarding bilateral block was found to be 40.9%. Regarding unilateral block, agreement was seen in 50% cases. On the whole, agreement regarding tubal block was 90.9%.Sensitivity of transvaginal sonosalpingography was found to be 95 %, whereas specificity was found to be 100 %. There were no false negative results by transvaginal sonosalpingography whereas 5% results were false positive. Allahabadia et al (1992) found that transvaginal sonosalpingography showed bilateral occlusion with sensitivity of 100% and tubal patency with 96% specificity. [61] Sensitivity and specificity of transvaginal sonosalpingography as diagnostic test for tubal patency by various studies: The results of this study confirm that both transvaginal sonosalpingography and chromolaparoscopy constitute valuable methods in the assessment of infertility. Though, superiority of chromolaparoscopy over transvaginal sonosalpingography has been clearly demonstrated but the 2 techniques should be considered complimentary and not as a substitute for each other. Transvaginal sonosalpingography can safely replace HSG for determining tubal patency as a routine diagnostic procedure. Trans-vaginal sonosalpingography when compared with HSG: Is more accurate in demonstrating the presence of tubal patency Is potentially safer. Is potentially more convenient and less expensive. Idiosyncracy to contrast agent cannot be expected. Can be performed on ambulatory basis. Trasvaginal sonosalpingography can be criticized on the grounds that- Exact site of tubal block cannot be determined Peritubal adhesions and mobility of tube cannot be properly assessed. It does not provide an accurate assessment of intrauterine and tubal anatomy. It is advocated that young women, as a first examination for fallopian tube patency, should undergo transvaginal sonosalpingography of the pelvis. If tubal patency is demonstrated, the patient should be recommended a six month trial period to become pregnant before invasive procedures are initiated. Chromolaparoscopy should be a vital part of the investigation in all cases of unexplained infertility as it may document hitherto unsuspected pelvic pathology. It is also an essential step former to any tubal surgery at it may not only preclude the requirement of operation but may also provide essential information regarding the nature and extent of future surgery. It is observed again that transvaginal sonosalpingography is not a substitute for chromolaparoscopy; it is offered as a screening test which is very cheap, noninvasive, simple, and cost effective with no infectious morbidity. It is a promising screening and diagnostic technique in evaluation of tubal patency on an ambulatory basis. 1

Ethical Teachings in Christianity and Islam Essay example -- Ethics,

There are several ethical teachings in Christianity and Islam that instruct Christians and Muslims on how they should act in everyday life. These ethical teachings often require the members of each religion to give generously to the welfare of those in need. This essay will prove that both Islam and Christianity have ethical teachings that instruct people to give to the needy. This will be proved by first defining what an ethical guideline or teaching is, by looking at the Islamic ethical guidelines that instruct Muslims to help those in need and finally through analysing the Christian ethical guidelines that teach Christians to contribute to the welfare of those in need. Ethics is the explicit, philosophical reflection on moral beliefs and practices to clarify what is right and wrong and what human beings should freely do or refrain from doing. Therefore ethical guidelines are the guidelines set out to tell human beings what they should freely do and what they should refrain from based on whether it is right or wrong. Ethical guidelines in Christianity teach Christians how they should act so that their daily living reflects spiritual principles and supports the purpose and value of this world. For example the Ten Commandments were made by God to teach human beings to refrain from things such as stealing, murder and not loving your neighbour. Islamic ethical guidelines can be found in Islamic law. There are laws on how Muslims should treat one another and how they should behave towards Allah. For example the third Pillar of Islam; Zakat, teaches Muslims to give their left over wealth to the poor and needy. This guideline was passed down from Allah to teach Muslims that they should treat the poor and needy with respect and help ... ...welfare to the needy as it teaches that those who give to the needy will be accepted into heaven. Both Islam and Christianity have obvious ethical teachings that require Muslims and Christians to contribute welfare to those in need. The teachings of Zakat, Mohammed’s sermons, the Qur’an passages and the teaching of jihad all instruct Muslims to give their extra wealth to those in need. The Bible passages about the poor teach Christians to give money to the needy as well. These teachings are invaluable to Islamic and Christian society as due to these teachings Muslims and Christians give more money to the poor and thus as a result of these teachings poor people in Islamic and Christian society are better supported. Works Cited Holy Bible. Wheaton: Tyndale, 2005. Print. The Qur’an: Translation. Trans. Abdullah Yusuf Ali. Elmhurst: Tahrike, 2000. Print.

Free Argumentative Essays: Oregons Euthanasia Program :: Euthanasia Physician Assisted Suicide

Oregon's Euthanasia Program Since 1998, due to a legal opinion by U.S. attorney general Janet Reno, Oregon physicians have used their federal prescribing licenses from the Drug Enforcement Administration to order controlled substances - usually secobarbital - for use in terminally ill patients' suicides. However, new attorney general John Ashcroft was an outspoken critic of the Reno opinion when he served in the U.S. Senate. He authored a 1997 letter to Reno signed by seven other Senators urging a contrary opinion, and criticized her final ruling as "bending the law" to facilitate assisted suicide. George W. Bush also criticized the ruling and endorsed a bill to reverse it, the Pain Relief Promotion Act, during the presidential campaign. The Oregon Health Division's third annual report on operation of the "Death with Dignity Act," summarized in the New England Journal of Medicine, was said by the law's supporters to offer "compelling evidence" that the Act "has given Oregon citizens comfort and control at the end of their lives." Said Estelle Rogers, executive director of the Death with Dignity National Center: "Oregon is a model for the nation, a place where doctors and patients alike approach end-of-life issues with due seriousness and compassion. We believe it's time for President Bush and the Attorney General to do the same" [U.S. Newswire, 2/21/01]. But the same report hailed by Rogers as "a third year of good news" was said by a prominent critic of Oregon's law to confirm that "the assisted-suicide experiment has failed." Dr. Gregory Hamilton of Physicians for Compassionate Care says that Oregon officials monitoring the practice of assisted suicide "have neglected to report meaningful results." Case reports are chiefly self-reporting by the physicians involved, and no effort is made to find "complications" or problems not reported by those assisting the suicide [PCC press release, 2/21/01]. The Oregon Health Division reported 27 deaths from physician-assisted suicide in 2000, the same number as in 1999. The only case it found of incomplete compliance with the Act was one in which a physician submitted a consent form signed by one witness instead of two. Dr. Hamilton notes, however, that the chief case of assisted suicide to receive extensive news reporting in 2000 showed more irregularities than this. The case of Joan Lucas received feature-length coverage for two days in her local newspaper in June. Suffering from Lou Gehrig's disease, she originally tried and failed to commit suicide by herself on January 16 - but she and her family soon found more expert "assistance" and she died on February 3.